App That Manages Mac Storage

Optimized Storage in macOS Sierra and later* can save space by storing your content in iCloud and making it available on demand. When storage space is needed, files, photos, movies, email attachments, and other files that you seldom use are stored in iCloud automatically. Each file stays right where you last saved it, and downloads when you open it. Files that you’ve used recently remain on your Mac, along with optimized versions of your photos.

App That Manages Mac Storage System
Manage Storage On Macbook
App That Manages Mac Storage Manager
Manage Macs In The Enterprise

Fusion Drive combines speedy SSD storage with a high-capacity hard drive. MacOS intelligently manages what goes where, using the SSD storage for files you access frequently and keeping the rest of your digital life on the roomier hard drive. Over time, the system learns how you work, so it tailors management of Fusion Drive to work best for you.

* If you haven't yet upgraded to macOS Sierra or later, learn about other ways to free up storage space.

Find out how much storage is available on your Mac

Choose Apple menu  > About This Mac, then click Storage. Each segment of the bar is an estimate of the storage space used by a category of files. Move your pointer over each segment for more detail.

Click the Manage button to open the Storage Management window, pictured below. This button is available only in macOS Sierra or later.

Manage storage on your Mac

The Storage Management window offers recommendations for optimizing your storage. If some recommendations are already turned on, you will see fewer recommendations.

Store in iCloud

Click the Store in iCloud button, then choose from these options:

Desktop and Documents. Store all files from these two locations in iCloud Drive. When storage space is needed, only the files you recently opened are kept on your Mac, so that you can easily work offline. Files stored only in iCloud show a download icon , which you can double-click to download the original file. Learn more about this feature.
Photos. Store all original, full-resolution photos and videos in iCloud Photos. When storage space is needed, only space-saving (optimized) versions of photos are kept on your Mac. To download the original photo or video, just open it.
Messages. Store all messages and attachments in iCloud. When storage space is needed, only the messages and attachments you recently opened are kept on your Mac. Learn more about Messages in iCloud.

Storing files in iCloud uses the storage space in your iCloud storage plan. If you reach or exceed your iCloud storage limit, you can either buy more iCloud storage or make more iCloud storage available. iCloud storage starts at 50GB for $0.99 (USD) a month, and you can purchase additional storage directly from your Apple device. Learn more about prices in your region.

Optimize Storage

Click the Optimize button, then choose from these options.

Automatically remove watched movies and TV shows. When storage space is needed, movies or TV shows that you purchased from the iTunes Store and already watched are removed from your Mac. Click the download icon next to a movie or TV show to download it again.
Download only recent attachments. Mail automatically downloads only the attachments that you recently received. You can manually download any attachments at any time by opening the email or attachment, or saving the attachment to your Mac.
Don't automatically download attachments. Mail downloads an attachment only when you open the email or attachment, or save the attachment to your Mac.

Optimizing storage for movies, TV shows, and email attachments doesn't require iCloud storage space.

Empty Trash Automatically

Empty Trash Automatically permanently deletes files that have been in the Trash for more than 30 days.

Reduce Clutter

Reduce Clutter helps you to identify large files and files you might no longer need. Click the Review Files button, then choose any of the file categories in the sidebar, such as Applications, Documents, Music Creation, or Trash.

You can delete the files in some categories directly from this window. Other categories show the total storage space used by the files in each app. You can then open the app and decide whether to delete files from within it.

Learn how to redownload apps, music, movies, TV shows, and books.

Where to find the settings for each feature

The button for each recommendation in the Storage Management window affects one or more settings in other apps. You can also control those settings directly within each app.

If you're using macOS Catalina, choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, click Apple ID, then select iCloud in the sidebar: Store in iCloud turns on the Optimize Mac Storage setting on the right. Then click Options next to iCloud Drive: Store in iCloud turns on the Desktop & Documents Folders setting. To turn off iCloud Drive entirely, deselect iCloud Drive.
In macOS Mojave or earlier, choose Apple menu > System Preferences, click iCloud, then click Options next to iCloud Drive. Store in iCloud turns on the Desktop & Documents Folders and Optimize Mac Storage settings.
In Photos, choose Photos > Preferences, then click iCloud. Store in iCloud selects iCloud Photos and Optimize Mac Storage.
In Messages, choose Messages > Preferences, then click iMessage. Store in iCloud selects Enable Messages in iCloud.

If you're using macOS Catalina, open the Apple TV app, choose TV > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Files. Optimize Storage selects “Automatically delete watched movies and TV shows.”
In macOS Mojave or earlier, open iTunes, choose iTunes > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Advanced. Optimize Storage selects “Automatically delete watched movies and TV shows.”
In Mail, choose Mail > Preferences from the menu bar, then click Accounts. In the Account Information section on the right, Optimize Storage sets the Download Attachments menu to either Recent or None.

Empty Trash Automatically: From the Finder, choose Finder > Preferences, then click Advanced. Empty Trash Automatically selects “Remove items from the Trash after 30 days.”

Other ways that macOS helps automatically save space

With macOS Sierra or later, your Mac automatically takes these additional steps to save storage space:

Detects duplicate downloads in Safari, keeping only the most recent version of the download
Reminds you to delete used app installers
Removes old fonts, languages, and dictionaries that aren't being used
Clears caches, logs, and other unnecessary data when storage space is needed

How to free up storage space manually

Even without using the Optimized Storage features of Sierra or later, you can take other steps to make more storage space available:

Music, movies, and other media can use a lot of storage space. Learn how to delete music, movies, and TV shows from your device.
Delete other files that you no longer need by moving them to the Trash, then emptying the Trash. The Downloads folder is good place to look for files that you might no longer need.
Move files to an external storage device.
Compress files.
Delete unneeded email: In the Mail app, choose Mailbox > Erase Junk Mail. If you no longer need the email in your Trash mailbox, choose Mailbox > Erase Deleted Items.

Learn more

The Storage pane of About This Mac is the best way to determine the amount of storage space available on your Mac. Disk Utility and other apps might show storage categories such as Not Mounted, VM, Recovery, Other Volumes, Free, or Purgeable. Don't rely on these categories to understand how to free up storage space or how much storage space is available for your data.
When you duplicate a file on an APFS-formatted volume, that file doesn't use additional storage space on the volume. Deleting a duplicate file frees up only the space required by any data you might have added to the duplicate. If you no longer need any copies of the file, you can recover all of the storage space by deleting both the duplicate and the original file.
If you're using a pro app and Optimize Mac Storage, learn how to make sure that your projects are always on your Mac and able to access their files.

From the perspective of users, iCloud is a simple feature that automatically makes their personal content available on all their devices. To allow your app to participate in this “magic,” you design and implement your app somewhat differently than you would otherwise; in particular, you need to learn about your app’s roles when it participates with iCloud.

These roles, and the specifics of your iCloud adoption process, depend on your app. You design how your app manages its data, so only you can decide which iCloud supporting technologies your app needs and which ones it does not.

This chapter gets you started with the fundamental elements of iCloud key-value and document storage that all developers need to know.

First, Provision Your Development Devices

To start developing an iCloud app, you must create an App ID and provisioning profile, described in App Distribution Quick Start. Then enable the iCloud service you want to use, described in Adding iCloud Support in App Distribution Guide. For a list of the app services that are available for your platform and type of developer program membership, see Supported Capabilities.

iCloud Data Transfer Proceeds Automatically and Securely

For most iCloud services, your app does not communicate directly with iCloud servers. Instead, the operating system initiates and manages uploading and downloading of data for the devices attached to an iCloud account. For all iCloud services, the high-level process for using those services is as follows:

Configure the access to your app’s iCloud containers. Configuration involves requesting entitlements and programmatically initializing those containers before using them.
Design your app to respond appropriately to changes in the availability of iCloud (such as if a user signs out of iCloud) and to changes in the locations of files (because instances of your app on other devices can rename, move, duplicate, or delete files).
Read and write using the APIs of the technology you are using.
The operating system coordinates the transfer of data to and from iCloud as needed.

App That Manages Mac Storage System

The iCloud services encrypt data prior to transit and iCloud servers continue to store the data in an encrypted format, using secure tokens for authentication. For more information about data security and privacy concerns related to iCloud, see iCloud security and privacy overview.

The iCloud Container, iCloud Storage, and Entitlements

To save data to iCloud, your app places data in special file system locations known as iCloud containers. An iCloud container (also referred to as a ubiquity container) serves as the local representation of the corresponding iCloud storage. It is separate from the rest of your app’s data, as shown in Figure 1-1.

To enable access to any iCloud containers, you request the appropriate entitlements.

Request Access to iCloud Using Xcode Capabilities

The Capabilities tab of your Xcode project manages the creation of the entitlements and containers your app needs to access iCloud. After enabling the iCloud capability, Xcode creates an entitlements file (if one does not already exist) and configures it with the entitlements for the services you selected. As needed, Xcode can also handle any additional configuration, such as the creation of your app’s associated containers.

When you enable iCloud Documents, Xcode configures your app to access the iCloud container whose name is based on the app’s bundle ID. Most apps should only need access to the default container. If your apps share data among each other, configure your targets to share containers, described in Specifying Custom Containers. When an app has access to multiple container IDs, the first ID in the access list is special because it is the app’s primary iCloud container. In OS X, it is also the container whose contents are displayed in the NSDocument open and save dialogs.

Important: Container identifier strings must not contain any wildcard (‘*’) characters.

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For information about how to choose the correct iCloud technology for your app, see Choose the Proper iCloud Storage API.

Configuring a Common iCloud Container for Multiple Apps

In the Xcode target editor’s Summary pane, you can request access to as many iCloud containers as you need for your app. This feature is useful if you want multiple apps to share documents. For example, if you provide a free and paid version of your app, you might want users to retain access to their iCloud documents when they upgrade from the free version to the paid version. In such a scenario, configure both apps to write their data to the same iCloud container.

Designate one of your iCloud-enabled apps as the primary app. That app’s iCloud container becomes the common container.
For example, in the case of a free and paid app, you might designate the paid app as the primary app.
Configure the primary app with only the default container identifier.
For each secondary app, enable the “Specify custom container identifiers” option and add the container identifier of the primary app to the list of containers.

When reading and writing files in both your primary and secondary apps, build URLs and search for files only in the common storage container. To retrieve the URL for the common storage container, pass the container identifier of your primary app to the URLForUbiquityContainerIdentifier: method of NSFileManager. Do not pass nil to that method because doing so returns the app’s default container, which is different for each app. Explicitly specifying the container identifier always yields the correct container directory.

For more information about how to configure app capabilities, see Adding Capabilities in App Distribution Guide.

Configuring Common Key-Value Storage for Multiple Apps

If you provide a free and paid version of your app, and want to use the same key-value storage for both, you can do that.

To configure common key-value storage for multiple apps

Designate one of your iCloud-enabled apps as the primary app.
That app’s iCloud container becomes the common container. For example, in the case of a free and paid app, you might designate the paid app as the primary app.
Enable the key-value storage option for both apps.
Xcode automatically adds entitlements to each app and assigns an iCloud container based on the app’s bundle ID.
For all but the primary app, change the iCloud container ID manually in the app’s .entitlements file.
Set the value of the com.apple.developer.ubiquity-kvstore-identifier key to the ID of your primary app.

iCloud Containers Have Minimal Structure

The structure of a newly created iCloud container is minimal—having only a Documents subdirectory. For document storage, you can arrange files inside the container in whatever way you choose. This allows you to define the structure as needed for your app, such as by adding custom directories and custom files at the top level of the container, as indicated in Figure 1-2.

You can write files and create subdirectories within the Documents subdirectory. You can create files or additional subdirectories in any directory you create. Perform all such operations using an NSFileManager object using file coordination. See The Role of File Coordinators and Presenters in File System Programming Guide.

The Documents subdirectory is the public face of an iCloud container. When a user examines the iCloud storage for your app (using Settings in iOS or System Preferences in OS X), files or file packages in the Documents subdirectory are listed and can be deleted individually. Files outside of the Documents subdirectory are treated as private to your app. If users want to delete anything outside of the Documents subdirectories of your iCloud containers, they must delete everything outside of those subdirectories.

To see the user’s view of iCloud storage, do the following, first ensuring that you have at least one iCloud-enabled app installed:

In iOS, open Settings. Then navigate to iCloud > Storage & Backup > Manage Storage.
In OS X, open System Preferences. Then open the iCloud preferences pane and click Manage.

A User’s iCloud Storage Is Limited

Each iCloud user receives an allotment of complimentary storage space and can purchase more as needed. Because this space is shared by a user’s iCloud-enabled iOS and Mac apps, a user with many apps can run out of space. For this reason, to be a good iCloud citizen, it’s important that your app saves to iCloud only what is needed in iCloud. Specifically:

DO store the following in iCloud:
- User documents
- App-specific files containing user-created data
- Preferences and app state (using key-value storage, which does not count against a user’s iCloud storage allotment)
- Change log files for a SQLite database (a SQLite database’s store file must never be stored in iCloud)
DO NOT store the following in iCloud:
- Cache files
- Temporary files
- App support files that your app creates and can recreate
- Large downloaded data files

There may be times when a user wants to delete content from iCloud. Provide UI to help your users understand that deleting a document from iCloud removes it from the user’s iCloud account and from all of their iCloud-enabled devices. Provide users with the opportunity to confirm or cancel deletion.

One way to prevent files and directories from being stored in iCloud is to add the .nosync extension to the file or directory name. When iCloud encounters files and directories with that extension in the local container directory, it does not transfer them to the server. You might use this extension on temporary files that you want to store inside a file package, but that you do not want transferred with the rest of that package’s contents. Although items with the .nosync extension are not transferred to the server, they are still bound to their parent directory. When you delete the parent directory in iCloud, or when you evict the parent directory and its contents locally, the entire contents of that directory are deleted, including any .nosync items.

The System Manages Local iCloud Storage

iCloud data lives on Apple’s iCloud servers, but the system maintains a local cache of data on each of the user’s devices, as shown in Figure 1-3. Local caching of iCloud data allows users to continue working even when the network is unavailable, such as when they turn on airplane mode.

Because the local cache of iCloud data shares space with the other files on a device, in some cases there is not sufficient local storage available for all of a user’s iCloud data. The system addresses this issue by maintaining an optimized subset of files and other data objects locally. At the same time, the system keeps all file-related metadata local, thereby ensuring that your app’s users can access all their files, local or not. For example, the system might evict a file from its iCloud container if that file is not being used and local space is needed for another file that the user wants now; but updated metadata for the evicted file remains local. The user can still see the name and other information for the evicted file, and, if connected to the network, can open it.

Your App Can Help Manage Local Storage in Some Cases

Document-based apps usually do not need to manage the local availability of iCloud files and should let the system handle eviction of files. There are two exceptions:

If a user file is not currently needed and unlikely to be needed soon, you can help the system by explicitly evicting that file from the iCloud container by calling the NSFileManager method evictUbiquitousItemAtURL:error:.
Note: Use this method with caution, keeping user needs in mind. Once a file is evicted, the system must download the file again before your app can use it.
Conversely, if you explicitly want to ensure that a file is available locally, you can initiate a download to an iCloud container by calling the NSFileManager method startDownloadingUbiquitousItemAtURL:error:. For more information about this process, see App Responsibilities for Using iCloud Documents.

Prepare Your App to Use iCloud

When users launch your iCloud-enabled app for the first time, invite them to use iCloud. The choice should be all-or-none. In particular, it is best practice to:

Use iCloud exclusively or use local storage exclusively; in other words, do not attempt to mirror documents between your iCloud container and your app’s local data container.
Don’t prompt users again about whether they want to use iCloud vs. local storage, unless they delete and reinstall your app.

Early in your app launch process—in the application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method (iOS) or applicationDidFinishLaunching: method (OS X)—check for iCloud availability by getting the value of the ubiquityIdentityToken property of NSFileManager, as shown in Listing 1-1.

Listing 1-1 Obtaining the iCloud token

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Access this property from your app’s main thread. The value of the property is a unique token representing the currently active iCloud account. You can compare tokens to detect if the current account is different from the previously used one, as explained in Handle Changes in iCloud Availability. To enable comparisons, archive the newly acquired token in the user defaults database, using code like that shown in Listing 1-2. This code takes advantage of the fact that the ubiquityIdentityToken property conforms to the NSCoding protocol.

Listing 1-2 Archiving iCloud availability in the user defaults database

If the user enables airplane mode on a device, iCloud itself becomes inaccessible but the current iCloud account remains signed in. Even in airplane mode, the ubiquityIdentityToken property contains the token for the current iCloud account.

If a user signs out of iCloud, such as by turning off Documents & Data in Settings, the value of the ubiquityIdentityToken property changes to nil. To detect when a user signs in or out of iCloud, register as an observer of the NSUbiquityIdentityDidChangeNotification notification, using code such as that shown in Listing 1-3. Execute this code at launch time or at any point before actively using iCloud.

Listing 1-3 Registering for iCloud availability change notifications

Manage Storage On Macbook

After obtaining and archiving the iCloud token and registering for the iCloud notification, your app is ready to invite the user to use iCloud. If this is the user’s first launch of your app with an iCloud account available, display an alert by using code like that shown in Listing 1-4. Save the user’s choice to the user defaults database and use that value to initialize the firstLaunchWithiCloudAvailable variable during subsequent launches. This code in the listing is simplified to focus on the sort of language you would display. In an app you intend to provide to customers, you would internationalize this code by using the NSLocalizedString (or similar) macro, rather than using strings directly.

Listing 1-4 Inviting the user to use iCloud

Although the ubiquityIdentityToken property lets you know if a user is signed in to an iCloud account, it does not prepare iCloud for use by your app. In iOS, apps that use document storage must call the URLForUbiquityContainerIdentifier: method of the NSFileManager method for each supported iCloud container. Always call the URLForUbiquityContainerIdentifier: method from a background thread—not from your app’s main thread. This method depends on local and remote services and, for this reason, does not always return immediately. Listing 1-5 shows an example of how to initialize your app’s default container on a background thread.

Listing 1-5 Obtaining the URL to your iCloud container

This example assumes that you have previously defined myContainer as an instance variable of type NSURL prior to executing this code.

Handle Changes in iCloud Availability

There are times when iCloud may not be available to your app, such as when the user disables the Documents & Data feature or signs out of iCloud. If the current iCloud account becomes unavailable while your app is running or in the background, your app must remove references to user-specific iCloud files and data and to reset or refresh user interface elements that show that data, as depicted in Figure 1-4.

To handle changes in iCloud availability, register to receive the NSUbiquityIdentityDidChangeNotification notification. The handler method you register must do the following:

Retrieve the new value from the ubiquityIdentityToken property.
Compare the new value to the previous value, to find out if the user signed out of the account or signed in to a different account.
If the values are different, the previously used account is now unavailable. Discard any changes, empty your iCloud-related data caches, and refresh all iCloud-related user interface elements.
If you want to allow users to continue creating content with iCloud unavailable, store that content in your app’s local data container. When the account is again available, move the new content to iCloud. It’s usually best to do this without notifying the user or requiring any interaction from the user.

Choose the Proper iCloud Storage API

Apple provides the following iCloud storage APIs, each with a different purpose:

Key-value storage is for discrete values such as preferences, settings, and simple app state.
https://exclanrato.tistory.com/4. Use iCloud key-value storage for small amounts of data: stocks or weather information, locations, bookmarks, a recent documents list, settings and preferences, and simple game state. Every app submitted to the App Store or Mac App Store should take advantage of key-value storage.
iCloud document storage is for user-visible file-based content, Core Data storage, or for other complex file-based content.
Use iCloud document storage for apps that work with file-based content, such as word-processing documents, diagrams or drawings, or games that need to keep track of complex game state.
CloudKit storage is for storing data as individual records in a private or public database accessible by all your app’s users.
Use CloudKit in situations where key-value storage and document storage are insufficient for your needs. To learn more about CloudKit, read Designing for CloudKit.

Many apps benefit from using key-value storage with other types of storage. For example, say you develop a task management app that lets users apply keywords for organizing their tasks. You could employ iCloud document storage to store the task information and use key-value storage to save the user-entered keywords.

If your app uses Core Data, either for documents or for a shoebox-style app like iPhoto, use iCloud document storage. To learn how to adopt iCloud in your Core Data app, see Designing for Core Data in iCloud.

If your app needs to store passwords, do not use iCloud storage APIs for that. The correct API for storing and managing passwords is Keychain Services, as described in Keychain Services Reference.

Use Table 1-1 to help you pick the iCloud storage scheme that is right for each of your app’s needs.

**Table 1-1** Differences between document and key-value storage
Element	iCloud document storage	Key-value storage	CloudKit
Purpose	User documents, complex private app data, and files containing complex app- or user-generated data.	Preferences and configuration data that can be expressed using simple data types.	Complex private app data and files, structured data, user-generated data, data that you want to share among users.
Entitlement keys	`com.apple.developer.icloud-services`, `com.apple.developer.icloud-container-identifiers`	`com.apple.developer.ubiquity-kvstore-identifier`	`com.apple.developer.icloud-services`, `com.apple.developer.icloud-container-identifiers`
Data format	Files and file packages Luminar also provides a set of powerful tools for cropping, transforming, cloning, erasing, and stamping, along with layers, brushes, and many more incredible features. It can work as a standalone app as well as a plugin for such popular programs as Apple Photos.Luminar uses Artificial Intelligence to enable sophisticated yet quick photo enhancements. Among these AI features are Sky Enhancer, which adds more depth and detail to the sky in your photos while leaving other areas untouched; Accent AI, which analyzes a photo and automatically applies the best combination of different effects to enhance your image; and Sun Rays, which allows you to place an artificial sun and adjust the lighting to your liking or make the sun rays already in your photo look even more incredible.Luminar has over 60 filters you can apply to your photos to enhance them in a moment. (7 days trial)Luminar is another full-featured photo editor that’s popular with both Mac and Windows users. Hopefully, our selection of the best free programs for photo editing on Mac will help you choose the right app to suit all your creative needs.2. Music editing software for mac.	Property-list data types only (numbers, strings, dates, and so on)	Records, represented as collections of key-value pairs where values are a subset of property-list data types, files, or references to other records.
Capacity	Limited only by the space available in the user’s iCloud account.	Limited to a total of 1 MB per app, with a per-key limit of 1 MB.	Limited only by the space available in the user’s iCloud account (private database) and the app’s allotted storage quota (public database).
Detecting availability	Call the `URLForUbiquityContainerIdentifier:` method for one of your ubiquity containers. If the method returns `nil`, document storage is not available.	Key-value storage is effectively always available. If a device is not attached to an account, changes created on the device are pushed to iCloud as soon as the device is attached to the account.	The public database is always available. The private database is available only when the value in the `ubiquityIdentityToken` property is not `nil`.
Locating data	Use an `NSMetadataQuery` object to obtain live-updated information on available iCloud files.	Use the shared `NSUbiquitousKeyValueStore` object to retrieve values.	Use a `CKQuery` object with a `CKQueryOperation` to search for records matching the predicate you specify. Use other operation objects to fetch records by ID.
Managing data	Use the `NSFileManager` class to work directly with files and directories.	Use the default `NSUbiquitousKeyValueStore` object to manipulate values.	Use the classes of the CloudKit framework to manage data.
Resolving conflicts	Documents, as file presenters, automatically handle conflicts; in OS X, `NSDocument` presents versions to the user if necessary. For files, you manually resolve conflicts using file presenters.	The most recent value set for a key wins and is pushed to all devices attached to the same iCloud account. The timestamps provided by each device are used to compare modification times.	When saving records, assign an appropriate value to the `savePolicy` property of a `CKModifyRecordsOperation` object to specify how you want to handle conflicts.
Data transfer	In iOS, perform a coordinated read to get a local copy of an iCloud file; data is then automatically pushed to iCloud in response to local file system changes. In OS X, iCloud files are always automatically pushed to iCloud in response to local file system changes.	Automatic, in response to local file system changes.	Use operation objects (or the convenience methods of the `CKOperation` and `CKDatabase` classes) to initiate data transfers.
Metadata transfer	Automatic, in response to local file system changes.	Not applicable (key-value storage doesn’t use metadata).	Not applicable
User interface	None provided by iOS. Your app is responsible for displaying information about iCloud data, if desired; do so seamlessly and with minimal changes to your app’s pre-iCloud UI. In OS X, `NSDocument` provides iCloud UI.	Not applicable. Users don’t need to know that key-value data is stored in iCloud.	Your app is responsible for providing the interface needed to display data obtained from records.

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